The effects of anthocyanin in rose
Rosa damascena essential oil is one of the most valuable and important basic materials in the flavoring industry. It also has some medicinal properties.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anthocyanin and the essential oil content of rose petals in 6 important rose growing areas in some regions of Iran, for example Meimand, Lizengan, Eram Botanical Garden, Shiraz, Shiraz Agricultural College, Kashan and Urmia.
The results of this research showed that the amount of essential oil and anthocyanin in petals harvested in different places is significantly different. The highest amount of essential oil (155.0%) and anthocyanin content (368.2) was obtained from Eram Botanical Garden in Shiraz. A high positive correlation (linear rqqq = 0.812) was obtained between the essential oil and anthocyanins of the rose.
Rose and its use in transformation industries
Rose is the most popular ornamental plant that is systematically cultivated due to its appearance, fragrance, wide range of colors and essence.
The three species Rosa damascena (pink rose), R. centifolia (light pink rose) and R. alba (white rose) are mainly used in the production of rose essential oil and flower extract, while flower cultivars Today's damascena are cultivated exclusively for flower and plant industries and floriculture. In the perfumery industry, Rosa damascena is the most important species for the production of rose fragrance, which is made by distilling the essence of the flowers. It is also widely used in making rose water and as a flavoring agent.
At this time, the provinces of Fars and Isfahan in Iran were the centers of global rose damascena produce, which were exported to world and specialy Persian Gulf (Arabian Countries). Flower color as well as their fragrance is essential to attract pollinators and hence to the evolutionary success of plants. These two attributes (color and fragrance) are very important in terms of attracting ornamental consumers.
The rose damascena plant has been widely studied in the last few decades, and today, as a result of a deeper understanding of the past, a fundamental and fundamental way to improve the performance of crops is under control.
Investigation of the color of roses has so far shown that four anthocyanins, 3-glucosides and 3,5-diglucosides of cyanidin and punidin, can be detected in the flowers of wild rose species, as well as 3,5-platargonidin and 3,5-pilargonidin. Diglucoside was identified in the cultivars of Rose.
The relationship between essential oil compounds and the color of the rose flower
A study by Nakamura et al. showed that there is a close correlation between the choice of flower color and the composition of essential oils during the day. Zwi et al. showed that with the increase of anthocyanin pigment, the production of phenylpropanoid compounds/volatile benzoides increased up to 10 times in Petunia.
However, in recent years, a number of researchers have recognized that flower odor and flower color may occur in specific combinations for reasons other than concurrent selective pressures. In particular, with the recognition of at least two independent sources of direct biosynthetic connections between these floral traits, the potential for shared biochemical pathways between pigment and essential oil has received much attention.
First, the synthesis of anthocyanin pigments (blue, purple and red colors in flower tissue) and the production of some volatile benzoid /phenylpropanoid compounds both represent significant branching pathways through which plants use phenylalanine as a common new body constituent. , they produce a large amount of pigments, structural materials, phytohormones and defensive compounds.
Second, the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol (MEP) biosynthesis pathway with local plasticity in plants can lead to the production of carotenoid pigments (eg, yellow, orange, and red) and volatile hemotropenoid and apocarotenoid compounds.
In both cases mentioned, several researchers have hypothesized that pleotrope interactions in biosynthesis pathways may preadapt plants to produce specific aromatic pigment combinations, such that pigment production, type and rate of volatile synthesis in flower tissue. determines
Investigating the relationship between the composition of essential oils of several flowers and their color
Several field studies have evaluated this underlying mechanism with mixed results. Research with Dactylorhiza romana shows that the red and yellow forms differ in the relative amounts of benzaldehyde and linalool they emit, with the yellow forms emitting more benzaldehyde and less linalool, while some Red forms release large amounts of linoleic acid.
In contrast, research on foxglove found no correlation between purple/white color and odor release pattern, and no strong scent differences between the red and white forms of foxglove. Investigating the scent and color of flowers in Hesperis matronalis has yielded contradictory patterns.A small-scale study found population-specific differences between the odor and aroma of white forms, while a larger study found no statistically significant difference between colored forms in terms of aroma. Unfortunately, field studies such as these cannot control for genetic background differences in a novel way.
Anthocyanin mutation in different forms of flowers
For example, white flower forms in a polymorphic population may result from any of a number of mutations in the anthocyanin pathway, some reducing metabolic changes in the entire pathway, others increasing the accumulation of unstable precursors. and others simply affect the most proximal steps (eg, a nonfunctional biosynthetic enzyme) in pigment biosynthesis.
However, all these mutations are lumped together for analysis as "white" forms, obscuring the underlying mechanisms that prevent pigment accumulation.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the anthocyanin and essential oil content of the petals of 6 important and valuable roses in some regions of Iran (Meimand, Lizangan, Eram Botanical Garden, Shiraz, Shiraz Agricultural College, Kashan and Urmia).
Isolation of essential oil from rose petals
The following materials and methods are used to separate essential oil from rose petals and check the correlation of anthocyanin content with it.
Plant material: Rose petals in the flowering period that starts from May to mid-June, (depending on the amount of sunshine and the altitude of the growing area) from Maimand, Lizengan, Eram Botanical Garden, Shiraz and Shiraz Agricultural University (southern region of Iran) ), Kashan (central region of Iran) and Urmia (northern region
of Iran) were collected. The flowers were harvested early in the morning, when they started flowering.
Anthocyanin content: To determine the amount of anthocyanin, 100 mg of fresh flower tissue was extracted in 1 ml of methanol containing 1% HCl, after overnight incubation in the dark at 4 °C with rotation at 150 rpm. The extract was centrifuged at 10,500 g for 10 minutes. The amount of anthocyanin in the supernatant was determined using the formula: A657 - 0.25 A530.
Isolation of essential oil: The flowers collected from the studied plants were dried at room temperature (less than 25°C) in a shaded place for 10 days. The dried samples (50 g, four times for each region) were placed for 4 hours using an all-glass Clevenger watertight apparatus to extract the essential oils according to the method provided by the European Pharmacopoeia. be measured by gram (W/W%) method.
The results of the research and investigation of the essential oil and anthocyanin of the rose flower
The results of this research showed that the amount of essential oil in petals harvested in different places is significantly different (P≤0.05). The highest amount of essential oil (0.1515 percent) was obtained from Eram Botanical Garden of Shiraz, which was significantly different from other regions.
Dr.Sefidkan et al reported the performance of the essential oil of four samples of Rosa Damascena (two samples from the National Botanical Garden of Iran with the source of Kashan and Skou, one sample from Kashan and one sample from Chalus Road) and showed that between all the samples There is a significant difference between the tests.
The findings of the present study showed that the amount of anthocyanin is significantly different (P 0.05) in the petals harvested in different places. The highest amount of anthocyanin (368.2) was obtained from Eram Botanical Garden of Shiraz (Table 1). A high positive correlation (linear rqqq = 0.812) was obtained between the essential oil and anthocyanin of the rose flower.
On the other hand, with the increase of anthocyanin concentration in the petals, the amount of essential oil has increased in the tested area. Zwi et al. reported that there is a trait correlation in the cooperation between fragrance and color biosynthesis in petunia flowers.
It has also been shown that this aroma is affected by modulating anthocyanin biosynthesis, revealing an interesting connection between two secondary metabolic pathways in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus).
Investigating the correlation between essential oil and anthosanin
In most studies that explicitly examine the relationship between scent and flower pigments, mutations in the anthocyanin pathway lead directly to changes in the release of benzoid molecules such as methylbenzoate and benzaldehyde.
In other studies, the connections between anthocyanins and benzenoids have been hypothesized to be due to conserved biochemical pathways, where a similar link between benzenoids and anthocyanins may exist.
After all, the results reported here showed that the high level of genetic diversity in the fields of Iranian Rosa damascena flower grown in Iran and different environmental conditions have an effect on the essential oil and anthocyanin content in Iranian Rosa damascena flower.
In addition, there is a significant correlation between essential oil content and anthocyanin concentration, which can be used as an indicator of essential oil quantity in this plant.